VI CLASS (NON IAS) - HISTORY

CLASS : VI Sub : HISTORY (Non IAS)

UNIT – I – STUDY OF PAST

1. History of India : Periodisation and Sources

1. What is History?
A. History is defined as the record of achievements in civilization and culture attained by the people or nation in the onward march of time.

2. Into how many periods is Indian History divided? Name them.
A. Indian History is divided into three periods. They are: 1. Ancient
period 2. Medieval period and 3. Modern period.

3. What are the sources of Indian History?
A. The main sources of Indian History are – Archaeological sources and Literary sources.

4. What are the different archaeological sources?
A. The different archaeological sources are : 1. Material sources , 2. Inscriptions and 3. Coins.

5. To which ruler do the earlier stone inscriptions, now available
belong?
A. The earlier inscriptions that are available in India belongs to the period of Emperor Ashoka.

6. How do coins help us to reconstruct our history?
A. In Kushan and Gupta period, figures of the rulers were inscribed on the coins. These figures help us to know about the physical features and personality of the rulers. Moreover the coins help us to know about the economic conditions and the extent of prosperity which prevailed during that time.

7. What are literary sources? Give few examples.
A. Written records or books are called literary sources. Works such as Vedas, Ramayana, Mahabharata, the Tripitakas , works written by foreign ambassadors such as Megasthenese and foreign travellers like Fa-hein and Huein Tsang and books written by Bana- Harshacharitha , Kalhana- Rajatarangini are few examples of literary sources.

Fill in the blanks:
1. Amaravati is in the state of Andhra Pradesh.
2. The earliest stone inscriptions belong to Ashoka.
3. The rulers who issued gold coins were Kushans and Guptas.
4. Sources in the form of written records or books are called Literary sources.

2. India : Its Geographical Features – Unity in Diversity

1. Why is India called a sub-continent?
A. India is called a sub-continent because:
1. It is a part of large continent and shows lot of diversity.
2. It has huge land mass.
3. It has huge population.
4. It has different seasons.
5. People belong to different regions and speak different languages.
6. Earlier there were three countries in this sub continent-India, Pakistan and Bangladesh.

2. State the borders of India.
A. The borders of India are:
(i) The Himalayan Mountain ranges in the North,
(ii) The Indian Ocean in the South,
(iii) The Bay of Bengal in the East and
(iv) The Arabian Sea in the West.

3. What is Deccan plateau?
A. The plateau that lies between the Eastern Ghats and Western Ghats is called the Deccan plateau.

4. Name the tributaries of the river Sindhu.
A. The tributaries of the river Sindhu are: 1. Sutlej 2. Jhelum 3.Chenab 4. Ravi and 5. Beas.

5. What is Ganga Yamuna do-ab?
A. The fertile valley formed by the rivers Ganga and Yamuna to the
east of Punjab is called Ganga Yamuna do-ab. In Hindi ‘do’ means two and ‘ab’ means river. So the Gnaga Yamuna valley is called Ganga Yamuna do-ab.

6. Where do the rivers Ganga and Yamuna join?
A. The rivers Ganga and Yamuna join at Prayaga or Allahabad and
finally flow into the Bay of Bengal.

7. Which rivers in South-India flow in westward direction?
A. In Peninsular-India the rivers Narmada and Tapati flow in the westward direction and finally join the Arabian Sea.

8. Why do rivers Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri flow from west to
east?
A. The rivers Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri flow from west to east because the Deccan plateau slopes towards the east.

9. Name the passes which enabled the foreign invaders to reach
India.
A. The Khybar and the Bolan passes enabled the foreign invaders to reach India.

10. What do you understand by ‘Unity in Diversity’?
A. ‘Unity in Diversity’ is the special feature of Indian civilization. The spirit of unity among the people of different races and religions and speaking different languages is called ‘Unity in Diversity’.

11. What is the number of languages recognized by the Indian
constitution?
A. Indian constitution recognized twenty-two languages as statutary languages.

12. What do we learn from the study of Indian History?
A. The study of Indian History tells us that the time when we lacked unity, our country suffered in its development and when we were united, our country had progressed and developed.

Fill in the blanks:
1. A land mass with the sea on three sides is called a peninsula.
2. The other name for the Western Ghats is the Sahyadris.
3. The rivers Ganga and Yamuna join at Prayaga.
4. The two rivers that flow westwards and join the Arabian Sea are
Narmada and Tapati.
5. In the Asian Continent, India is a very large country
6. The Eastern Ghats and the Western Ghats meet at Nilgiris.
7. India is a peninsula.
8.India lies in the southern side of the Asian continent.

3. The Pre-Historic Age

1. What is pre-historic age?
A. The period of man’s activities on the earth before the time he invented and used script to record his activities is called pre-historic age.

2. Why is the stone age called so?
A. In the stone age man made his implements or tools out of stone. So it is called as the stone age.

3. How did the man live during the old stone age?
A. 1. During the old stone age man lived like a beast.
2. He knew only to gather food.
3. He hunted animals for their meat.
4. He lived in caves.
5. He used crude implements made of flint stones.

4. Why is the new stone age an important epoch in the history of mankind?
A. (i) During the new stone age, man discovered fire and its use.
(ii) He domesticated animals.
(iii) He learnt to till the land, raise crops and cook his food.
(iv) He also learnt to build shelter to protect himself from rain or
sun.
(v) He made sharp stone implements.
(vi) He painted and made figures or pottery.
(vii) He worshipped his ancestors and animals.
Hence new stone age is an important epoch in the history of
mankind.

5. When did the Metal Age begin? Who were its founders?
A. The Metal Age began in 5000 B.C. The founders of it in India were Dravidians.

6. How did man live during the Metal Age?
A. (i) In the Metal Age man used copper and bronze to make his implements.
(ii) He cultivated land to raise crops.
(iii) He learnt to use bow and arrow, swords and lances.
(iv) He travelled on water by using small boats.
(v) He traded with distant countries like Babylonia, Egypt and Greece in corn, pepper and spices.
7. Name the languages that originated from the Dravidian language.
A. The languages that originated from the Dravidian language are Telugu, Tamil, Kannada and Malyalam.

8. What is the earliest civilization in India that belonged to the Metal Age?
A. The earliest civilization in India which belonged to the Metal Age
was the Indus Valley Civilization.

Fill in the blanks:
1. Man discovered fire in the New Stone Age .
2. The founders of Metal Age in India were Dravidians.
3. Telugu originated from the Dravidian language.
4. The earliest civilization in India which belonged to the Metal Age was the Indus Valley Civilization.
5. In the opinion of many historians, the founders of the Indus Valley Civilization were Dravidians.

UNIT – II
HARAPPA CULTURE OR THE INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION

1. Where and when was the Indus valley civilization discovered?
A. The Indus valley civilization was discovered at two places namely Harrapa and Mohenjadaro in 1922.

2. Why was the Indus Valley Civilization also called as Indus Valley Civilization , Harappa Culture and Copper –Stone Civilization?
A. The Indus Valley Civilization was also called as Indus Valley
Civilization , Harappa Culture and Copper –Stone Civilization because:
(i) It flourished in the river valley of Indus .
(ii) It was first discovered in the city of Harappa.
(iii) In that age people made their implements with copper and
also stone.

3. Mention the sites where the Indus Valley Civilization has been discovered.
A. The Indus Valley Civilization has been discovered at Harappa , Mohenjadaro both in the present Pakisthan Ropar in Punjab, Banvali in Haryana, Kalibangan in Rajasthan, Alamgipur in Uttar Pradesh and Lothal , Rangapur and Dholvira in Gujarat.

4. Describe the skill of the Indus people in town planning.
A. The Indus people were experts in town planning.
(i) In Mohenjadaro and Harappa the roads were long and wide.
(ii) The roads and lanes cut each other at right angles, with
rectangular blocks of houses in the interspace.
(iii) The houses of the rich were of one or two storeys and that of
poor were of one or two rooms.
(iv) Generally every house had a well.
(v) Sewage water was sent out by drain pipes.
(vi) All the drain pipes opened into a Central drainage canal
which ran underground in the middle of each street.
(vii) Houses and drainage canals were built of well –burnt
bricks.
(viii) This underground drainage system points to the great skill
of the Indus people in town planning.

5. Describe the Great Bath.
A. (i) A swimming pool at Mohenjadaro is called The Great Bath which was built with great skill.
(ii) This was a brick construction.
(iii) It had rows of steps on its north and south and a sluice in
one corner to let out the water.
(iv) All around the pool there was a corridor with rooms behind
it in two storeys.
(v) In one of the rooms there was a well and stairs to reach the
upper storey.
(vi) Water was sent into the pool from this well.
(vii) There was also an arrangement to send hot water into the
pool.

6. Write about the religious beliefs of the Indus people.
A. The Indus people were mainly worshippers of the Mother Goddess.
(ii) They also worshipped Siva as Pasupathi.
(iii) The practice of worshipping the.
(iv) Many idols of the Mother goddess were found in the Indus cities.
(v) A seal with a figure of Siva as Pasupathi was found.
(vi) Around the figure of Siva , the figures of a deer, and
elephant, a rhinoceros and a buffalo were also found.
(vii) The Indus people worshipped snakes and water too.
(viii) There were animal sacrifices. They also built fire-cult.

7. Describe the dress and ornaments of the Indus people.
A. 1. The Indus people wore cloths woven of wool and cotton.
2. Both men and women adorned themselves with ornaments made of gold, silver, copper, bronze, precious stone and shell.

8. What are the pastimes of the Indus people?
A. The pastimes of the Indus people were music, dance and playing
chess.

9. What do you know about the Indus script?
A. 1. The Indus people wrote in a pictographic script.
2. This script was written from left to right, and from right to left.
3. This kind of writing is called ‘Boustrophedan (as the ox tills).
4. Till now no body is able to read this script.
5. According to some scholars, this script represent Tamil or Dravidian, according to others, it represents Sanskrit language.

10. When did Indus valley civilization flourish? What were the
causes for the destruction of the Indus civilization ?
A. 1. Indus Valley civilization flourished in BC 2300 to 1750.
2. It was destroyed because of Indus floods and Aryan invasions after BC 1800.

II. Fill in the blanks :-
1. The Indus Valley civilization was discovered in the year 1922.
2. The Indus Valley civilization flourished during the period 2300 – 1750 BC.
3. The port – town of the Indus civilization was Lothal port.
4. The Goddess worshipped by the Indus people was Mother Goddess.
5. The God worshipped by the Indus people was Pasupati.
6. The script of the Indus people is called Boustrophedon, pictographic script.

UNIT – III
1. ARYANS.
(a) EARLY VEDIC OR RIG VEDIC CIVILIZATION

1. What do you know of the original home of the Aryans?
A. 1. Many historians are of the opinion that the Aryans, were not
the original inhabitants of India and that they came here from
countries outside India.
2. The original home of the Aryans has been differently mentioned as the Arctic region, Southern Russia, Hungary and Germany.

2. In which region of India did Aryans originally settle?
A. 1. The Aryans first settled in the Sindh and the Punjab regions.
2. By BC 1000 they moved east and reached the Ganga Yamuna
do - ab and settled there.

3. By what name did the Aryans refer to the people of the Indus civilization ?
A. Aryans referred to the people of the Indus civilization as ‘Dasyus’.

4. By destroying whose cities did Aryans settle in the Sindh and Punjab regions ?
A. By destroying the cities of Indus people the Aryans settled in the Sindh and Punjab regions.

5. What are the Vedas? Name them.
A. 1. Vedas are the sacred books of the Aryans.
2. They are four in number.
3. They are :- a) Rig Veda
b) Sama Veda
c) Yajur Veda
d) Atharvana Veda

6. In which language were the Vedas composed.
A. Vedas were composed in Sanskrit language.

7. What are Aryan languages?
A. 1. The language of the Aryans was Sanskrit.
2. Many of the present day languages in North India, such as Hindi, Punjabi, Bengali etc. originated from Sanskrit.
3. That is why these languages are called Aryan languages.

8. What is the famous battle fought among the Aryan clans?
A. The famous battle fought among Aryan clans was ‘Dasarajana’ or battle of “Ten Kings”.

9. How did India come to be called as Bharatadesa?
A. After the name of the Aryan clan Bharata, our country came to be called as Bharatadesa.
10. How were the Aryans and the Dasyus distinguished?
A. 1. The Aryans and the Dasyus were distinguished by their colour.
2. Aryans were bright in complexion and the Dasyus were of dark complexion.

11. Who was ‘Rajan’ ?
A. The leader of the Aryan clan, who led the armies in battle was
called Rajan or King.

12. Name the officials who helped ‘Rajan’ in his administration ?
A. The officials who helped ‘Rajan’ in his administration were the Senani (the commander) and the Purohit (priest).

13. What was the village official called during Rig Vedic times ?
A. The village official during the Rig Vedic times was called ‘Gramani’.

14. What were the main occupations of the Rig Vedic Aryans ?
A. 1. The main occupations of the Aryans were cattle – rearing and agriculture.
2. The other professionals were the potter, the carpenter, the weaver, the leather worker and the chariot – maker.

15. What is a patriarchal family ?
A. In the Aryan society father was the head of the family and had all the power over the members of the family. Such a family is called patriarchal family.

16. Name the intoxicant drinks of the Rig Vedic Aryans ?
A. The intoxicant drinks of the Rig Vedic Aryans were Soma and
Sura.

17. Which gods did the Aryans worship ? Give the names of these
gods?
A. 1. The Aryans worshiped nature Gods.
2. Some of their important Gods were Indra, Agni (fire), Varuna, Vayu (wind), Akasa (ether), Bhumi (earth), Ushas (dawn) and Aswin.

18. How did the caste system evolve?
A. 1. Caste system was evolved by the Aryans.
2. The Aryan society was divided into three classes – the Brahmins (priests), the Kshatriyas (the military leaders) and the common people, called the Vaishyas.
3. In course of time, they also took into their fold the Dasyus, as the fourth and the lowest class and called them as Sudras.
4. These classes were called as varnas (castes).
5. Thus came into existence the four – fold (Varna Dharma] caste system in India.

(b) LATER VEDIC CIVILIZATION

1. In which regions did the Aryans settle during the Later Vedic Age ?
A. By the Later Vedic Age, the Aryan clans settled in the fertile regions of the Ganga – Yamuna do-ab.

2. To which Aryan clan did Kauravas and Pandavas belong ? Which epic tells us of the war between them?
A. The Kauravas and Pandavas belonged to the Kuru clan. The epic Mahabharatha tells us of the war between them.

3. Which is the earliest epic ? Who is its author ?
A. The earliest epic was ‘Ramayana’ and its author was Valmiki.

4. How many kingdoms did the Aryans establish by the end of the Later Vedic Age ? What is the name given to them ?
A. The Aryans established 16 kingdoms by the end of the Later Vedic Age. They named them as ‘Shodasa Mahajanapadas’ .

5. Describe the social and religious conditions of the Later Vedic Age ?
A. 1. By the Later Vedic times, the caste system gained its strength.
2. The Brahmins, the Kshatriyas and the Vaishyas were considered as upper castes.
3. The Sudras had no facilities, powers or respect in the society.
4. Yagnas and Yagas gained more importance.
5. Yajurveda and the texts called the Brahmanas explain how these sacrificial rituals were to be performed.
6. During, this time, common dining among the different castes and inter-caste marriages were prohibited.
7. Women lost some of their freedom and respect in the society.

6. Which books are called Vedantas ? What do they tell us ?
A. 1. The Upanishads which are the last portion of Vedas are called Vedantas.
2. They tell us that God’s realisation or Moksha can be got only through right knowledge or Jnana.

Fill in the blanks :-
1.The book which tells of the early Vedic civilization is Rig Veda.
2.The Vedas are in the Sanskrit language.
3.The Aryans destroyed the cities of the Dravidians and settled in the
Sindh and the Punjab.
4.The famous battle fought among the Aryan clans was Dasarajna.
5.Our county was called Bharatadesa, after the name of the Aryan
clan called Bharat.
6.The author of the Mahabharata was Vyasa.
7.The author of the Ramayana was Valmiki.
8. Ramayana is also called the Adikavya.
9.Upaishads are called the Vedanta.

JAINISM AND BUDDHISM – VARTHAMANA MAHAVIRA
AND GAUTAMA BUDDHA

1. Why was the caste system resented ?
A. 1. By the sixth century BC caste system gained in strength and created hatred and ill – feeling among the different castes.
2. The Brahmins began to look down as their inferiors not only the Vaishyas and the Sudras, but also the Kshatriyas who wielded political power.
3. So, the other caste people resented the caste system.

2. Why were the Yagnas and Yagas condemned ?
A. 1.Brahmins alone had the authority to conduct Yagnas and yagas.
2. In these Yagnas and yagas a large number of cattle were
sacrificed. Such killing of cattle resulted in a loss of agriculture.
Therefore many people resented the performance of yagnas and
yagas and more particularly the killing of animals.

3. What were the reasons for the founding of the Jainism and Buddhism.
A. Denying the superiority of the Brahmins in society and condemming the killing of animals in sacrifice, Vardhamana Mahavira and Siddhartha Gautama, both of whom were Kshatriyas founded new religions. Vardhamana Mahavira founded Jainism and Buddhism was founded by Gauthama.

4. Who is the 24th Trithankara ? What are his main teachings ?
A. 1. The 24th Trithankara was Vardhamana Mahavira.
2. Mahavira taught five principles.
3. These are called the panchavratas or the five vows
They are :- 1. Satya or speaking truth.
2. Ahimsa or non- violence.
3. Asteya or not desiring the other people’s
property.
4. Aparigraha or not possessing property or anything
more than one needs.
5. Brahmacharya or not having a married life.

5. Mention the main teachings of Gautama Buddha ?
A. The teachings of the Buddha are called Arya Satyas or noble
truths. In these, he preached that desires are the cause of sorrow and hence, man should lessen his desires. He suggested a way or path by following which one can lessen one’s desires. This is known as ‘Ashtangamarga’ or the eight fold path. It consists of eight principles of conduct like truth, non-violence, etc.

6. Who were the kings who patronised Buddhism ? In which
countries did it spread ?
A. 1. Great kings and emperors like Ajatasatru, Asoka, Kanishka
and Harsha patronised Buddhism. Under their patronage, Buddhism spread to foreign countries like Sri Lanka, Burma, Tibet, china and Japan.It became a world religion.

7. Why did Buddhism attract the people?
A. Buddhism attracted the people because :-
1. It denied the authority of Vedas.
2. It taught social equality.
3. It condemned the killing of animas in Yagnas.
4. It did not accept the superiority of Brahmins in society.
5. The principles were easy to follow.

8. How did Jainism and Buddhism enrich Indian culture ?
A. Both Jainism and Buddhism enriched the Indian culture in several ways.Jainism and Buddhism did great service to art. The kings who patronised them, built several ‘Bhikshugrihas’, ‘Stupas’, ‘Viharas’ and temples. Sculpture and painting developed in them. The Amaravathi stupa, the Sanchi stupa, the sculpture of Buddha at Sarnath, the Ajanta paintings, etc., are some of the great contributions of Buddhism to Indian culture. Buddhists founded Universities like the Nalanda University and promoted education and scientific knowledge. Jains also constructed some famous buildings. Some of their famous buildings are at the places like Udayagiri(Oriss), Ellora (Maharastra), Srawana Belagola (Karnataka), etc.

Fill in the blanks :-
1. Upanishads taught that salvation can be got by right knowledge.
2. The founder of Jainism was Vardhamana Mahavira.
3. The 24th Trithankara was Vardhamana Mahavira.
4. The titles of Vardhamana are Jina and Mahavir
5. The main teachings of Vardhamana Mahavira are called Pancha Vratas
6. The main teachings of Gautama Buddha are called Arya Satyas or Noble Truths.
7. The king of Magadha who became a disciple of Buddha was Ajatasatru.
8. The first sermon of Buddha made at Sarnath is called Starting of the wheel of law.

3. THE PERSIAN AND THE GREEK INVASIONS.

1. Name the persian emperor who invaded India in BC 516 ?
A. The Persian emperor who invaded India in BC 516 was Darius.

2. Mention the name of the kingdom of Alexander ?
A. The name of the kingdom of Alexander was Macedonia.

3. Which Indian king surrendered to Alexander ?
A. The Indian king who surrendered to Alexander was Ambi – the ruler of Takshasila.

4. Name the Indian king who fought with Alexander ? Why did Alexander admire him ?
A. 1. The Indian king who fought with Alexander was Porus (Purushotham) – the ruler of Punjab region.
2. Alexander admired Porus for his courage and conduct.

5. Why did not Alexander cross Beas and invade North India ?
A. Alexander did not cross Beas and invade North India due to the following reasons :-
1. By that time it was already eleven years since the Greek soldiers had been engaged in battles. So, they were against fighting any more battles and refused to cross the Beas.
2. Moreover, they heard of the mighty military strength of the Nandas and feared to fight with them

6. Who liberated the places occupied by Alexander in India ?
A. Chandra Gupta Maurya the ruler of Magadha kingdom liberated the places occupied by Alexander in India.

7. What were the results of Alexander’s invasion of India ?
A. The results of Alexander’s invasions of India were :-
1. For the first time trade relations were established between India and the Greek kingdoms of Central Asia.
2. The Greeks came to learn many things about Indians, particularly about the Indian religions.

Fill in the blanks :-
1. The year in which Alexander invaded India was Bc – 327.
2. The Indian king who fought with Alexander was Porus.
3. The king of Taxila was Ambi
4. The year in which Alexander died was BC 324.


UNIT – IV
THE RISE OF MAGADHA TO POWER
1. BIMBISARA AJATASATRU AND THE NANDAS

1. Name the kingdom ruled by Bimbisara and Ajatasatru ? What was their capital ?
A. The kingdom ruled by Bimbisara and Ajatasatru was Magadha. Their capital was Rajagriha.

2. Who founded Pataliputra?
A. Pataliputra was founded by Ajatasatru.

3. Whose disciple was Ajatasatru ?
A. Ajatasatru was the disciple of Gautama Buddha.

2. MAURYAN EMPIRE

1. Whom did chandragupta Maurya defeat before occupying Magadha ?
A. Chandragupta Maurya defeated Nanda kings before occupying Magadha.

2. Name the king of Syria who invaded India ? What was the result of his invasion ?
A. The king of Syria who invaded India was Selucus Nikator. The results of his invasion were.
1. Selucus Nikator made friendly treaty with Chandragupta and ceded to him Afganisthan and Baluchisthan (now in Pakisthan), they therefore became parts of Chandragupta’s empire.
2. Nikator also gave his daughter in marriage to Chandragupta.
3. In return Chandragupta gave 500 elephants to Selucus Nikator.
4. Selucus Nikator sent Megasthenes as his ambassador to the court of Chandragupta at Pataliputra.
5. Megasthenes wrote a book called “Indika” in Greek language.

3. What was the extent of Chandragupta’s kingdom ?
A. Chandragupta’s empire extended from Persia in the west to Bangladesh in the east, and to Terunelveli and Karnataka in South.

4. Who was the prime minister of Chandragupta ? Name the book written by him ?
A. Chandragupta Maurya’s prime minister was Chanakya, also called Kautilya. Kautilya wrote a book on public administration and polity. The name of the book was “Arthasastra”.

5. Whom did Selucus Nikator send as has ambassador to Chandragupta at Pataliputra ? Name the book written by this ambassador ?
A. Selucus Nikator sent Megasthenes as his ambassador to Pataliputra. The book written by him is “Indika”.

6. Give the extent of Asoka’s empire ?
A. 1. Among the kings and the emperors who ruled different countries of the world, Asoka was the greatest.
2. Asoka inherited a vast empire which extended upto Mysore in the South and from Baluchisthan in the west to Bangladesh in the east. He added Kalinga to this.

7. How did the Kalinga war influence emperor Asoka ?
A. Asoka waged a war against Kalinga. In that war nearly 1 lakh people were killed. Seeing this blood shed Asoka felt very sad. Immediately, he took a vow never to wage a war again and to rule the empire by following a policy of Dharma.

8. How did Megasthenes describe the Pataliputra ?
A. Megasthenes described about Pataliputra in his book “Indika”
1. Its length was nearly 15 km and width 2.5 km.
2. It had a wooden wall round it, with 64 gates and 570 towers.
3. Adjoining the wall, there was a moat, 600 ft. wide and 45 ft. deep.
4. Megasthenes also tells us that the city was administered by a committee of 30 members.

9. Mention the places where the stupas built by Asoka exist.
A. Among the stupas built by Asoka, the stupas at Barhut and Sanchi are famous. Some scholars say that even the stupa at Amaravathi was also built by Asoka.

10. Describe the efforts of Asoka for the spread of Buddhism ?
A. 1. Asoka took many steps for the spread of Buddhism.
2. He convened a Buddhist council or meeting in Pataliputra.
3. The council sent Buddhist missionaries to different parts of
India.
4. Asoka sent his son Mahendra and daughter Sanghamitra as
Buddhist missionaries to Ceylon.
5. He dug caves for the Ajivaka monks to live in.
6. As a result of Asoka’s efforts, Buddhism became a world religion.

11. What do you know of the greatness of Asoka ?
A. 1. Among the Kings and the emperors who ruled different countries of the world, Asoka was the greatest.
2. Though Asoka had the ability and the military strength to make wars, he appears to be the only ruler who did not engage himself in wars and ruled his empire efficiently, with peace and non-violence.
3. Asoka inherited a vast empire which extended upto Mysore in the South and from Baluchistan in the west to Bangladesh in the east.
4. He followed a policy of Dharma.
5. Asoka strove for the welfare of his people, just as he would strive for the welfare of his own children.
6. He dug irrigational canals form a lake called “Sudarsana”. constructed by his grandfather Chandragupta Maurya.
7. For the comfort of travellers, he got trees planted along high roads and dug wells.
8. He founded hospitals not only for the treatment of men, but also for animals.
9. To set an example to his subjects in the observance of Ahimsa or non-injury to beings, he gave up meat-eating.
10. He was a great builder.
11. He built the city of Srinagar in Kashmir.
12. He took many steps for the spread of Buddhism.
13. He occupies a honoured place not only in the history of India, but also in the history of the world.

12. Give the reasons for the end of Mauryan empire after Asoka.
A. Within a short time after Asoka, Mauryan empire came to an end. The reasons for that were :-
1. There was an internal fight for the throne among Mauryan princess.
2. As the power at the centre declined, feudal tribes like the Andhras and the Governors of provinces became independent.
3. At the same time, from the north-west foreigners like Greeks invaded the Magadhan empire.

I. Fill in the blanks.
1. Among the kings who ruled Magadha after Ajatasatru, the kings of the Nanda dynasty were important.
2. The author of the Arthasastra was Kautilya.
3. The name of the lake dug by Chandragupta Maurya in Gujarat was Sudharsana.
4. The author of the Indika was Megasthenes
5. The place where Chandragupta Maurya died was Sravana Belagola.
6. Ashoka waged a war against the kingdom of Kalinga.


UNIT V INDIA (B.C. 200-A.D. 300)
ANDHRA SATHAVAHANAS

1. Who were the kings that ruled over Magadha after the Mauryas?
Ans. After the Mauryas, Magadha kingdom was ruled by Sunga dynasty, after the kings of Sunga dynasty, the Kanva dynasty ruled Magadha.

2. What did Megasthenes write about the Andhras?
Ans. Megasthenes wrote about the Andhras in his book ‘Indika’, that the Andhras had thirty forts and mighty army.

3. What were the capitals of Satavahanas?
Ans. The capitals of Satavahanas were Pratishthana in Maharashtra and Dhanya Kataka in Andhra Pradesh.

4. Mention the great rulers of Satavahana dynasty. What do you know of them?
Ans. Satakarni, Pulumavi, Hala, Gautamiputra Satakarni, and Yagnasri Satakarni were the great Satavahana rulers.
1. Satakarni: He conquered the entire Deccan and extended the Satavahana kingdom.
2. Pulumavi: He invaded North India and captured Pataliputra.
3. Hala: He compiled a book called Gathasaptasati. From these poems we learn about the social conditions of those times.
4. Gautamiputra Satakarni: He conquered Sakas, Pahlavas and Yavanas, who occupied Maharashtra and Gujarat and ruled over the entire Deccan
5. Yagnasri Satakarni: He developed Foreign Trade.

5. What were the countries or regions conquered by Gautamiputra Satakarni?
Ans. Gautamiputra satakarni conquered Gujarat and Maharashtra which were occupied by Yavanas, Sakas and Pahlavas.

6. Describe the social conditions during Satavahanas time?
Ans. 1. Satavahanas promoted education, literature and arts.
2. Many famous books were written in Prakrit and Sanskrit languages.
3. Their kingdom was like a bridge between the North Indian and South Indian Cultures.
4. They encouraged handicrafts and industrial manufactures.

7. Where do you find the Buddhist viharas and cave temples of the Satavahana times?
Ans. We find the Buddhist Viharas and cave temples of the Satavahana times at Nasik, Karle, Kanheri, Bhaja etc; in Maharashtra.

8. Mention the famous books of the Satavahana times.
Ans. The famous books of the Satavahana times were
1. Brihat Katha by Gunadhya.
2. Gathasaptasati by Hala.
3. A Sanskrit grammar book called “Katantra” by Sarva Varma.
4. A number of Sanskrit books by Nagarjuna, the great Buddhist philosopher.

9. What is the most famous stupa of satavahana times in Andhradesa?
Ans. The most famous stupa of satavahana times in Andhradesa was “Amaravati stupa”.

THE SANGAM AGE

1. What are Dravidian languages?
Ans. Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam are Dravidian languages.

2. What are the Tamil kingdoms mentioned in the Asokan inscriptions?
Ans. The Tamil kingdoms mentioned in the Asokan inscriptions were- Chola, Chera and Pandya kingdoms.

3. What do you understand by the word ‘sangam’?
Ans. Sangam refers to an assembly of scholars and poets in Madurai, the capital of the Pandya kingdom.

4. What were the three kingdoms in Tamilakam or the Dravida country?
Ans Chola kingdom, Pandya Kingdom and Chera kingdom were in Tamilakam or the Dravida country.

5. Describe the greatness of Karikala Chola.
Ans. Karikala Chola was a great king among the Chola rulers.
1. He was a great conquerer.
2. He established Chola rule by conquering the Chera and Pandya rulers.
3. Karikala built dams across the river Kaveri and dug canals and improved agriculture in the Tanjavur region of the Chola kingdom
4. He cleared the forests and built new villages.
5. He encouraged industries and foreign trade. Kaveripattanam was a great center of foreign trade.
6. Karikala built many temples for Siva.
7. He patronised many poets and scholars.
As Karikala was a very great ruler many ruling dynasties in the Andhra and Tamil countries claimed their descent from Karikala.

6. Describe the conditions during the Sangam period.
Ans. During this age Tamil poets and scholars produced many great works and poetical classics. As a result of the contact of the Tamilians with the Aryan culture, many Sanskrit words entered into the Tamil Language. Aryan’s religious customs and the caste system also entered into the Tamilnadu. Jainism and Buddhism also entered into the Tamilnadu. During the sangam period, there were trade relations between Tamilakam and the Roman Empire.


7. Mention the important works in sangam literature.
Ans. The important works of sangam literature were “Silappadikaram” and “Manimekalai”.

KUSHANS AND KANISHKA

1. Give an account of Kanishka’s conquests.
Ans. 1. Kanishka ruled from A.D. 78 to 120.
2. He conquered the country up to Pataliputra and entire North India.
3. He conquered Kashmir.
4. He invaded the Chinese empire, defeated the emperor of China and
took his title “Devaputra”.

2. Describe the services of Kanishka to Buddhism. Why is Kanishka called a second Ashoka?
Ans. 1. Kanishka followed the Mahayana Buddhism.
2. Like Ashoka, Kanishka also held a huge Buddhist council, sent missionaries and spread Mahayana Buddhism up to China.
3. This council is called the fourth Buddhist council.
4. For these reasons, Kanishka is called a second Ashoka.

3. Give an account of the poets and scholars patronised by Kanishka
Ans. Kanishka patronised many poets and scholars
1. Nagarjunacharya, the court poet of Kanishka wrote many books on Buddhism.
2. Charaka the court physician of Kanishka wrote Charaka samhitha.
3. Aswaghosha, the court poet of Kanishka wrote Buddhacharita.

GUPTA EMPIRE (300 A.D. TO 800 A.D.)

1. Who was the founder of the Gupta dynasty? What do you know of him?
Ans. 1. The founder of Gupta dynasty was Chandragupta I
2. He ruled from A.D. 320 to A.D. 330.
3. In Chandragupta I kingdom places like Bihar, and the region up to
Allahabad (prayaga) in Eastern Uttar Pradesh were included.
4. Pataliputra (Patna) was the capital of the Gupta kingdom.
5. Chandragupta assumed the title Maharajadhiraja, and started the Gupta era, after the name of his dynasty.

2. Why is Samudragupta called an Indian Napoleon?
Ans. 1. Samudragupa was the son of Chandragupta I . He ruled from A.D. – 320 to 375.
2. He was an able ruler.
3. He was a great conqueror
4. By his conquests in all the direction he extended the Gupta empire.
5. Because of his victories in North India and South India, he was
called ‘Indian Napoleon’

3. What were the achievements of Chandragupta II?
Ans. Chandragupta II was the son of Samudragupta. He ruled from A.D. 375 to 415. He destroyed Sakas and assumed the titles of ‘Sakari’ and Vikaramaditya. He made Ujjain of Malawa as the Second capital. His court was adorned by nine poets known as ‘Navaratnas’. During his time trade was developed between India and Rome.

4. What did Fahien say to the Gupta Empire?
Ans. 1. During the time of Chandragupta II, the Chinese Buddhist pilgrim, Fahien came on a pilgrimage to India
2. Fahien wrote that the Gupta empire was peaceful and that there were no rigorous punishments.
3. He further said that the people were peace loving and they did not consume liquor and meat.

5. Mention the works of Kalidasa.
Ans. 1. Among the poets and scholars who adorned the court of Chandragupta Vikaramaditya, Kalidasa was very famous.
2. Kalidasa wrote three great dramas in Sanskrit language.
3. These dramas are Abhijnana Sakuntalam, Malavikagnimitram and Vikramorvasiyam.
4. He also wrote three great poetical works namely Raghuvamsam. Kumarasambhavam and Meghasandesam.

6. Mention the reason for calling the Gupta age as the classical or golden age.
Ans. 1. During Gupta times, India became politically important.
2. Gupta empire flourished with prosperity and peace.
3. In literature science and arts there was great development during Gupta times.
4. Because of these reasons in Indian history, the Gupta age is called the classical Age or the Golden age.


EMPEROR HARSHA (A.D.-606 – 647)

1. What did Hieun – Tsang tell of Harsha?
Ans. 1. Hieun- Tsang, the Chinese Buddhist pilgrim informs us through his book called the Si – Yu- Ki that Harsha conquered the entire North India with in 6 years after coming to throne.
2. He told that Harsha was an able administrator who cared for the welfare of the people.
3. Harsha was the follower of Buddhism and once in 5 years conducted huge religious assembly in Prayaga called the Maha Moksha Parishat.
4. In this assembly he gifted all his wealth among the Buddhist monks and the poor people.
5. He also told that Harsha was a poet and a dramatist.

2. Mention the works written by Harsha and by the poets who adorned his court.
Ans. 1. The works written by Harsha are Priyadarshika, Ratnavali and
Naganandam.
2. Bana the court poet wrote ‘Kadambari’ and Harsha Charita’.

3. Describe the University of Nalanda.
Ans. 1. During Harsha’s time, the Nalanda University in Bihar became very famous.
2. It attracted students from several countries of the Asian Continent such as China, Japan and Korea.
3. In this University there were 1500 teachers and 10,000 students.

4. Given an account of the Muslim invasion over North India, after Harsha.
Ans. After Harsha, North India lost its political unity and was divided into small kingdoms.
1. In 712 A.D. the Arabs conquered Sindh region.
2. Between 1000 A.D. and 1026 Mohammed Ghazni invaded India for 17 times.
3. In A.D. 1192 Mohammed Ghori defeated and killed Prithviraj Chauhan in the battle of Tarain.
4. After the death of Mohammed Ghori in 1205, Qutubuddin Aibak became the Sultan of Delhi in 1206.

5. How could the Muslims easily conquer North India? Give reason.
Ans. The Muslims could easily conquer North India as there was no political unity among the Rajputs.

PALLAVAS

1. Describe the many sided genius qualities of Mahendravaram I
Ans. Mahendravarma I, the son of Simhavishnu, is a many – sided genius. He was a painter, musician and a dramatist. He bore the title Vichitra Chitta or the Curious Minded. He patronised Appar, one of the Nayanars. The Nayanars were great devotees of Lord Shiva. Mahendravarma was the first to built cave temples in Tamil Nadu.

2. What are the achievements of Narasimhavarma?
Ans. 1. Narasimhavarma I ruled from A.D. 630 to 675.
2. He bore the title Mahamalla and after his title, he built the port town of Mahamallapuram.
3. Narasimhavarma I built small temples or Pagodas called Pancha Pandava Rathas in Mahabalipuram.
4. Narasimhavarma I killed Pulakesin II in a battle and occupied the Chalukyan kingdom.

3. How can you say that Pallavas patronised and promoted Hinduism?
Ans. 1. The Pallava kings followed and patronised the Saiva and Vaishnava
creeds.
2. They built a beautiful temple of Shiva on the sea shore at Mahabalipuram.
3. This is known as the shore temple.
4. They also built the Kailasanatha temple and the Vaikuntha Perumal temple in Kanchi.
5. There is huge and beautiful sculpture panel called ‘Descent of the Ganges’ in Mahabalipuram.
6. In Kanchi and at other places the Pallava kings founded colleges called Ghatikasthanas to educate the people in sankrit language and Vedas.
7. During Pallava times, Hindu culture spread to Java, Sumatra and other Islands of the Indian archipelago.


CHALUKAYS

1. Describe the conquests and victories of Pulakesin – II
Ans. 1. Pulakesin II ruled from A.D- 609 to 642.
2. He defeated the Pallava king Mahendravarma – I in a battle and conquered entire coastal region in Andhra Desa.
3. On the banks of the river Narmada, he defeated emperor Harsha, who made a bid to conquer the Deccan.

2. Where do we find the temples built during chalukyan times?
Ans. We find the temples which were constructed by Chalukyas at Badami, Aihole and Pattadakal.


THE ARAB CONQUEST OF SINDH

1. What are the main characteristics of Islam?
Ans. The main characteristics of Islam are:
1. Worship of one God.
2. Not worshipping idols.
3. Worshipping God without attributes.
4. Social equality and a simple way of worship.

2. What were the aims of the Arab invasion of Sindh in A.D- 712?
Ans. Arabs invaded the Sindhu region, with a view to establish a Muslim kingdom and spread Islam.

3. What is the result of the Arab invasion of Sindh?
Ans. The results of the Arab invasion of Sindh were
1. The Arabs translated in their language many scientific books on mathematics and medicine, available in India.
2. Through the Arabs, the European countries became familiar with Indian culture.

INDIAN CULTURE ABROAD

1. To which regions, kingdoms and Islands had the Indian culture spread in the ancient period?
Ans. In the ancient period, Indian culture or Hindu culture spread to foreign regions and kingdoms such as Simhala (Ceylon), Burma, Thailand (Siam), Central Asia, China, Japan, Sumatra, and Kampuchea (Cambodia).

2. Who were the missionaries sent by Asoka for the spread of Buddhism?
Ans. Asoka sent his son Mahendra and his daughter Sanghamitra as missionaries to Simhala (Srilanka) for the spread of Buddhism, he also sent Buddhist missionaries to Burma, then known as Suvarnabhumi.

* * *

VI CLASS (NON IAS) - GEOGRAPHY

Class: VI Sub : Geography (Non IAS)

THE EARTH
1. REALMS OF THE EARTH

Question and answers:-

1. What are the “realms of the earth”?
A. The earth on which we live is composed of four major realms which help life to exist on it.
They are:-
i. The Atmosphere
ii. The Hydrosphere
iii. The Lithosphere
iv. The Biosphere

2. What is atmosphere ? What does it contain?
A. 1. The earth on which we live is surrounded by a vast sphere of air
which is known as the atmosphere.
2. Air is a mixture of several gases.
3. The most important gases of Atmosphere are Nitrogen, oxygen,
carbondioxide and Watervapour. The air contains nearly 78% of Nitrogen, and 21% of oxygen.
4. There are also gases like Argon, Krypton, Neon, Xenon and
Helium in very small quantities (less than 1%.) Dust particles are
also found in the atmosphere.

3. What is Hydrosphere ? How is it important for man ?
A. The sphere of water comprising of mainly the oceans is known as Hydrosphere. The Hydrosphere also includes the water of oceans, seas, lakes and rivers which occur on the continents.
1. It plays an important role in reducing both extreme heat and cold in coastal areas.
2. It is the source of moisture to cause rain.
3. It provides us sea food like fish.
4. It is useful for international trade.

4. Name the major land forms of the lithosphere ?
A. 1. The crust of the earth which is made up of different kinds of
rocks is known as the lithosphere.
2. The major land forms of lithosphere are :- 1) Mountains
2) Plateaus and 3) Plains.

5. Briefly explain the uses of Biosphere for man.
A.
1. The living part of the earth which includes the natural vegetation, cultivated crops, wild animals and domestic animals is known as the Biosphere.
2. It is useful for man in many ways.
The uses of Biosphere are :-
1. Man uses trees from the forest for construction and wood-pulp for making paper. Spices, medicinal herbs, fruits, gums like rubber are some products of forest, used by man.
2. Man uses the milk, meat, skin and furs of animals.
3. The common birds like chicken and duck are domesticated by man and raised in large numbers for food.
4. Man uses the insects like honey-bee and silk worms for getting honey and silk.


2. EXTENT OF LAND AND WATER

1. What proportion of the surface of the earth is covered by land and what proportion by water ?
A. 71% of the earth’s surface is covered with water and 29% of the earth’s surface with land.

2. How are different land forms produced ?
A. The different land forms like mountains, plateaus and plains are produced by -
1. The action of the atmosphere on the land surface and
2. The action of internal heat of the earth which is felt through earth quakes and eruption of volcanoes.

3. What is an Island ? Give examples.
A. A piece of land surrounded by water on all sides is known as an Island. For example :- Greenland, Great Britain and Madagascar.

4. What is a peninsula ? Give examples.
A. A piece of land surrounded by water on three sides and connected with land on fourth side is called a peninsula.
Ex:- Indian Peninsula, Malaya Peninsula in Asia, Iberian peninsula in Europe and the Cape York peninsula in Australia.


3. OCEANS AND CONTINENTS
Question and answers:-
1. Which is the largest ocean? Which is the largest continent ?
A. The largest ocean is the Pacific ocean and the largest continent is Asia.

2. Which is the smallest ocean ? Which is the smallest continent ?
A. The smallest ocean is Arctic ocean. The smallest continent is Australia.

3. How deep is the ocean ?
A. The average depth of the ocean is 3550 mt.

4. What is the use of the ocean for man ?
A. The uses of oceans are :-
1. They play an important part in reducing extreme heat and cold
in coastal areas.
2. They are the sources of moisture to cause rain.
3. They provide sea foods like fish.,
4. They are the source of pearls, corals and many metals.
5. They are useful for international trade.
6. They are the source of many salts and mineral oil (petroleum.)

5. What are the major landforms ?
A. The major landforms are mountains, plateaus and plains.

6. Why do plains have large population ?
A. The plains are attracting the man in many ways. They support large population. The causes are :-
1. The plains are fertile and so the crops grow well.
2. They are the lands with very gentle slope. So the movement of people is easy both by land and by boats over the rivers.

7. What are the plateaus ?
A. Plateaus are land forms which have relatively level surface.

8. Give three examples each for:
a) mountains b) plains c) plateaus.
A. i) Examples of mountains are:-
1. Himalayas in Asia
2. Andes in South America and
3. Alps in Europe.

ii) Examples of plateaus are :-
1. Deccan plateau
2. Canadian plateau and
3. Arabian plateau.

iii) Examples of plains are :-
1. The Gangetic plain in India
2. The Yellow plain in China
3. The Mississippi plain in North America


4. MAJOR LANDFORMS

1. How are the mountains useful to man ?
A. Mountains are useful to man in many ways
1. People live in valleys of the mountains in many parts of the world.
2. Cattle are grazed on the grass growing areas on mountain slopes.
3. Mountains are the source of many rivers. Dams constructed across the rivers are useful for producing hydroelectric power and for irrigation.
4. Mountain slopes are often covered with forests. From these forests we obtain wood for building, wood-pulp for paper, various medicinal herbs, fruits ,gums etc.
5. Mountains provide beautiful scenery and fresh air.
6. We can get many useful minerals from the mountains.

2. What are the disadvantages of mountainious life ?
A. Mountains act as a barrier. They prevent easy movement of people across them because of steep slopes and great height.
2. Roads and Railways cannot be easily constructed. So people remain backward due to lack of communication with the advanced area.
3. They also act as a barrier for winds. In such cases there is more rain on one side of the mountains and the other side remains dry.

3. Name the four types of mountains ? Give two examples for each .
A. Mountains are of four types. They are :-
1. The Folded Mountains.
2. The Block Mountains.
3. The Residual Mountains.
4. The Volcanic Mountains.

1. The Folded Mountains :- They are the highest, most impressive and cover the largest areas.
Ex :- the Himalayas, the Alps, the Andes and the Rockies.
2. The Block Mountains :- They are not very high and are often found at the edges of plateaus.
Ex :- Darkensberg mountains, and Vosges mountains.
3. The Residual Mountains :- They are very high mountains. They have been eroded over a long period. So now they are of small height and extent.
Ex :- Aravali mountains and Eastern Ghats.
4. The Volcanic Mountains :- These mountains are formed by lava.
Ex :- Mount Killimanjaro, Mount Vesuvius and Mount Fujiyama.


5. PLATEAUS

1. What are the differences between a mountain and a plateau ?
A. The differences between mountains and plateaus are :
MOUNTAINS
PLATEAUS
1. Mountains have rugged surface and are higher than the plateaus.
2. They are found in continuous chains covering large areas.
3. There is very little possibility of cultivation.

4. Have thin population because of cold climate.
1. Plateaus have relatively flat surface and they are not as high as mountains.
2. They are smaller and not continuous like mountains.
3. Cultivation is possible on a wider scale with irrigational facilities.
4. Have more population than mountains because of moderate climate.

2. What are the types of plateaus ? Give examples for each.
A. Plateaus are of three types. They are :-
1. Residual plateaus.
2. Lava plateaus.
3. Intermontane plateaus.
1. Residual Plateaus :- They are produced when large mountain areas are eroded for a long, time leaving behind a plateau.
Ex :- The Deccan plateau in India, Canadian plateau and Arabian plateau.
2. Lava Plateau :- They are formed when volcanic activity takes place and sheets of Lava cover the land.
Ex :- The Western part of Deccan plateau, the plateau found in Columbia and the Snake River Valley of Western United States.
3. Intermontane Plateaus :- They are found usually along with the mountains.
Ex :- The plateau of Tibet and the plateau of Bolivia.

3. How are plateaus useful to man ?
A. Plateaus are useful to man in many ways.
1. They have more population than mountains because movement is easier than mountains.
2. The river valleys in plateaus are wider so they provide land for cultivation and water for irrigation.
3. Valuable minerals are available in plateaus like the ores of nickel, platinum, etc.
4. The lava plateaus are fertile and support good population.


6. PLAINS

1. What is a plain?
A. Plains are lands with generally level surface with height far less than plateaus and sloping gently.

2. Name the types of plains with two examples of each.
A. The plains are of two types. They are :-
1. Erosional or Destructional plains.
2. Alluvial or Constructional plains.
i) Erosional Plains :- The plain around Hudson Bay in Canada and the plain of Finland in Europe are examples.
ii) Alluvial plains :- Gangetic Plains in India and Bangladesh, the plains of the rivers Hwang-Ho and Vang-tse-Kiang in China, the Nile plain in Egypt are examples.

3. Why have plains attracted man ?
A. The plains are attracting the man in many ways. The main reasons are :-
1. Most of the plains are fertile and they support a dense population.
2. Good crops can be grown on the plains like rice, wheat, maize, sugarcane, tobacco, qubsur, cotton etc.
3. Because of good crops and good water supply, many industries are coming up on the plains.

4. Name some industrial cities (at least 4) which are found on plains.
A. Some industrial cities which are found in plains are Calcutta, Lucknow, Kanpur and Allahabad.


UNIT – II AUSTRALIA
1. LOCATION AND EXTENT

1. Where is Australia located ?
A. Australia lies in the southern hemisphere between the latitudes of
100 South and 450 South and between the longitudes of 1100 East to 1550 East. The Tropic of Capricorn (23 ½ 0 S) runs across the middle of the continent.

2. What are the boundaries of Australia?
A. Australia is surrounded by the Pacific Ocean on the East, the Indian Ocean on the North and West and the Great southern Ocean on the South

3. When and by whom was Australia discovered ?
A. Australia was discovered by Captain James Cook of England in 1788.


2. PHYSICAL FEATURES

1. Why is the Great Dividing Range important ?
A.
1. The Great Dividing Range is the mountain range of the Eastern highlands of Australia
2. The river Murray and its important tributaries the Murrambidge, the Lachian and the Darling take their birth from the Great Dividing Range.
3. The presence of Great Dividing Range close to the eastern coast made the central lowlands a rain shadow region.

2. What and where is the highest point in Australia ? Mention its height.
A. Mt. Kosciusko is the highest peak in Australia. It is found in the highest part of Great Dividing Range known as the Australian Alps in the extreme South East of the continent. The height of Mt. Kosciusko is 2234 meters.

3. What is a rain – shadow region? Where is the rain – shadow region in Australia ?
A. When the rain causing winds are obstructed by a mountain range, the winds go up, cool down and give rainfall to the windward areas of the mountains. The other side or the leeward side remains dry without rainfall. This area is called as the rain – shadow region. In Australia, the presence of the Great Dividing Range close to the eastern coast made the central lowlands a rain shadow region. The Eastern Highlands or the Great Dividing Range prevents the rain bearing winds from the east from reaching here.

4. Which are the important lakes in Australia ? What are they ?
A.
1. The two important lakes of Australia are lake Eyre and Lake Torrens.
2. They are salt water lakes.
3. They are found in the Central and South – Central part of the Central Lowlands.


4. AGRICULTURE

1. What is the special feature of Australia’s agriculture ?
A. In Australia agriculture is extensive because the land is vast and
the people working on it are few.
Animals rearing is more important than crop – farming.

2. Where is wheat grown in Australia ?
A. Wheat is the leading crop of Australia grown in the grassland areas of Victoria, New South Wales, South Australia and South West Australia.

3. Why is wheat exported from Australia ?
A. Wheat is an important export of Australia for two reasons – Even though the production is not very high, one half of the production can be exported because the small population of Australia do not need more than one half of the total grain Produced. The harvest takes place in December – January and the grain enters the market when the large importing countries of Europe and Japan have winter, and do not have their own homegrown wheat in competition.

4. What factor is favourable for fruit – farming in Australia ?
A. The mild sunny climate of Australia favours fruit farming.

5. What fruits are grown in Australia and what products are made
out of them ?
A. The fruits which are grown in Australia are pineapples, oranges, grapes
apricots, peaches pears and apples. Wine, Jams, raisins are some of the
products made out of these fruits.

6. Where is sugarcane grown ?
A. Sugarcane is grown in the tropical lowlands of Queensland.

7. What are the main agricultural products of Australia and where
are they grown ?
A.
1. The main agricultural products of Australia are wheat and sugarcane.
2. Wheat is a leading crop of Australia grown in the grassland areas of Victoria, New South Wales, South Australia and South West Australia.
3. Sugarcane is grown in the tropical lowlands of Queensland.

8. Why is Australia having a large sheep population? Where are they
found ?
A. Australia is having a large sheep population because
1. The climate of the grasslands of Australia is well suited for sheep rearing.
2. The areas where large sheep population is found in Australia are
a) Murray Darling belt, along the coastal lowlands of Victoria and around the city of Adelaide.
b) The State of New South Wales alone has over one half of the sheep in Australia.
c) In coastal plains and the areas of higher rainfall of the central lowlands, Sydney and Melbourne in coastal plains are having a large sheep population.

9. What are the exports based on sheep ?
A. Wool and the meat are the exports based on sheep.

10.What is Australia’s position in the world in wool production ?
A.
1. Australia is the largest producer of wool in the world.
2. The finest quality of wool is obtained from the Marino breed of sheep.
3. Sydney and Melbourne are the greatest wool markets in the world.

11.Where are the cattle found in Australia ? What use is made of them ?
A.
1. In Australia cattle are found in tropical area.
2. Queensland raises one half of cattle of Australia.
3. The cattle are raised in large ranches in the Australia central lowlands.
The use of cattle are :-
1. Most of the cattle are reared for beef in Australia.
2. About one fourth of the cattle are reared for milk, butter and cheese and the other three-fourth are raised for beef only.


5. MINERALS AND INDUSTRIES

1. Explain the importance of Australia as a source of minerals ?
A.
1. Australia is an important source of minerals.
2. Gold is found in several places of Western Australia.
3. Ores of zinc, lead and silver are found in Broken Hill.
4. Ores of copper, tin, tungsten and uranium are also found in Cloncurry in Queensland and Mount Lyell in Tasmania.
5. Coal is available in South west Australia.
6. Iron ore is available in the Iron knob area.
7. Australia is rich in Uranium deposits.

2. Where in Australia are the following found :-
a) Coal b) Gold c) Lead d) Copper e) Zinc and Silver.
A. a) Coal :- Coal is found around Sydney.
b) Gold :- Gold is found at several places in Western Australia, Victoria and Queensland.
c) Lead :- Lead is found in Broken Hill.
d) Copper :- Copper is found in cloncurry in Queensland.
e) Zinc :- Zinc is also found in Broken Hill.
f) Silver :- Silver is also found in Broken Hill.

3. Name the main industries of Australia. Where are they found ?
A. The main industries of Australia are :-
1. Flour Milling, manufacture of woollen textiles, fruit, canning, making of jams, dairy products, the iron and steel industry, ship building industry, electrical and electronic good industry and meat packing industry.
2. Many of the industries are located in and near the large cities – Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth and Adelaide.

4. Why are Agro based and animal – based industries most dominant in
Australia ?
A. Agro – based industries and animal – based industries are most dominant in Australia due to the following reasons :-
1. Sheep are the most important animals as the climate and grasslands are suitable for their rearing.
2. Australia is a world leader in the exports of wool and meat.
3. Australia gets a handsome amount through the export of wheat and sugar.
4. The climatic conditions are suitable for wheat crop.


6. TRADE AND TRANSPORTATION

1. Why are Australian railways not built all over the continent ?
A. Railways are not built all over the continent because
1. About two – thirds of Australia is a desert.
2. 90 percent of the people live close to the seacoast; only 10% of its people live in the interior parts at great distances.
3. Railway lines and roads were built connecting parts with the mining centres to transport goods rather than people.
4. Different states of Australia built the railways on different gauges. So, there is a problem of transhipment where the guages change from one place to another.

2. Name the seaports along each coast of Australia.
A. In Australia the seaports are located along each coast.
1. East coast :- Cairus, Townsville, Rock Hampton Brisbane, New Castle and Sydney.
2. South coast :- Melbourne, Port Adelaide, Port Risie, Whyalla and Albany.
3. West coast :- Fremantle (Port of Perth), Carnarvan and Broome.
4. North coast :- Darwin.

3. What are the exports of Australia ? What are the imports ?
A. a) Exports of Australia :- The export of Australia is mainly in
primary commodities like wool, wheat, frozen beef and mutton, pork, skins, dairy produce, including eggs, coal, various metals and metallic ores, wine, dried and canned fruits, jams etc.
b) Imports of Australia :- The imports of Australia are mainly sophisticated manufactured goods, textile fabric (particularly cotton) and garments, petroleum products, drugs and chemicals, various foods and drinks etc.

4. Which are the important countries which trade with Australia ?
A. Australian trade was largely with United Kingdom earlier but in the last few decades U.S.A., Germany, China and Japan became important markets for Australian exports. Nearly 50% of the imports come from United Kingdom.

II. Fill in the blanks :-
1. Australia was first colonised by Britain.
2. In Australia the first gold mine was discovered in 1851 near Ballarat.
3. The principal gold mines are found in Western Australia.
4. The transcontinental railway runs from Perth to Port Augusta.
5. Australia developed after the year 1850.
6. The navigable rivers in Australia are Murray and Darling.


7. POPULATION AND IMPORTANT CITIES

1. Why have Sydney and Melbourne become the largest cities ?
A. Sydney and Melbourne are the first and second largest cities of Australia.
1. Sydney :- Sydney is the largest city, with over 3 million people on the pacific coast. It is the capital of New South Wales and is the outlet for its trade of wool, meat, fruit and minerals. It has a very fine harbour (Port Jackson).
2. Melbourne :- Melbourne is the capital city of Victoria, having a population of 2.5 million people. It is the second largest city in Australia. The hinterland covers part of the Murray Basin and it exports wool, fruits and minerals except coal.

2. How is Australia an “Empty continent” ? How is it an “Urban Continent ?
A. Empty Continent :- Australia is known as the “Empty Continent” because it has a very small population for its size, there being only 15 million (150 lakhs) people over an area of nearly 7.7 million square kilometres. Average density of population is less than 2 persons per kilometer. This is because of the very large empty desert space in it covering ¾ of the continent.
Urban Continent:- Australia is also known as an “Urban Continent” because 60% of the people live in the five largest cities (Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide and Perth) which are also the capitals of the States.

3. Explain the location and importance of:- a) Adelaide b) Perth c) Brisbane.
A.
a) Adelaide:- Adelaide is the capital of South Australia, and is located
about 10 kilometers inland from the Gulf of St. Vincent which is an inlet of the Southern Ocean. The wine and grapes of the surrounding hills, wheat, wool, and fruits from the lower Murray Basin are exported through port Adelaide on the gulf.
b) Perth :- Perth is the capital of western Australia. It is a city about 15 kilometers up to the swan river. Its port is fremantle at the mouth of the river. Almost one – half of the population of the state of western Australia live in this city. It is the main outlet for the products of South west Australia including wheat, fruit, wool and timber.
c) Brisbane :- Brisbane is the capital of Queensland about 20 kilometers from the sea on the Brisbane river. It has about 600,000 people. It is the outlet for the sheep ranches of the Darling Downs and Sugarcane plantations of the coast.

UNIT III AFRICA
1. LOCATION AND EXTENT
2. PHYSICAL FEATURES

1. Why was Africa known as the “Dark Continent”?
A. Africa was known as the “Dark Continent” due to the following reasons :-
1. The Northern part of the continent is wide and is occupied largely by the Sahara, the biggest desert in the world.
2. Because the desert is so huge it was difficult to cross and the people of Europe who were the early explorers, did not know much about the part of Africa lying to the south of the Sahara.
3. The rivers of Africa were not suitable for navigation, so they prevented the explorers from going inside the continent.

2. Why is the population small in Africa relative to the area ?
A. The population in Africa is small relative to its area because :-
1. The Northern part of Africa is wide and is occupied largely by the Sahara, the biggest desert in the world.
2. Dense forests which were home for wild animals and disease bearing insects covered the land on both sides of the equator.
3. Its climate is too hot to live.

3. Name the mountains of Africa. Where are they ?
A. The important mountains of Africa are Drakensburg mountains and Atlas mountains. Atlas mountains are located in the extreme northwest of Africa, in the states of Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia close to the Mediterranean coast. Drakensburg mountains are located at the Southern edge of the South African plateau.

4. Why is the Nile the most useful river of Africa ?
A. Nile is the most useful river of Africa because:
1. Its lower course is through the Sahara desert in Egypt.
2. Its water is used for irrigation.
3. Without the water of Nile, which produces crops for the large population, Egypt would have been entirely a desert. So, Egypt is called the gift of the Nile.
4. It is also useful for navigation for a few hundred kilometers from its mouth.

5. Where are salt lakes in Africa ?
A. There are two salt lakes in Africa - lake chad on the Southern margin of the Sahara Desert, lake Ngami in the kalahari Desert in southeast Africa.

6. Which are the rivers flowing to the Indian ocean ? Which flow to
the Atlantic ocean ? And which to the Mediterranean Sea ?
A. 1. The rivers which are flow towards Indian ocean are Zambezi and
Limpopo.
2. The rivers which flow to the Atlantic ocean are the Orange, the Congo and the Niger.
3. The rivers which flows towards the Mediterranean Sea is the Nile.

3. CLIMATE

1. Why does the Northern part of Africa have a more extreme climate than the Southern part ?
A. The Northern parts of Africa have more extreme climate because
1. It is broader than the South and it receives more sunlight.
2. It is also connected with Asia. So, the climate is more extreme.

2. What is the effect of the cool ocean currents on the climate of Africa?
A. The two cool ocean currents, the canaries and Benguela reduce the
temperature along the west coast.

3. What are the different types of climate in Africa?
A. The different types of climate in Africa are :
1. Equatorial type of climate.
2. Savannah type of climate.
3. The desert type of climate – and –
4. The Mediterranean type of climate

4. Why are there so many different types of climates in Africa?
A. 1. Africa extends in both the hemispheres.
2. It has a very large size.
3. The Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn pass through it.
Because of the above reasons the continent of Africa shows so many
different types of climates.

4. NATURAL VEGETATION AND ANIMAL LIFE

1. What are the native wild animals of Africa?
A. Africa is rich in wild life because it has good, thick forests. The native wild animals of Africa are Gorilla, Chimpanzee, many kinds of monkeys, snakes, insects, birds, hippopotamus, zebra, many kinds of antelopes, rhinoceros, wild elephant, giraffee, lion, leopard, cheetah and wolf.

2. What useful products are got from the African forests ?
A. The useful products of African forests are :
1. Trees like Mahogany, Ebony, are found here which are useful for making furniture.
2. Rubber and medicinal plants.
3. Ivory from the elephants.

3. Where are Olive trees found in African forests ?
A. In Africa Olive trees are found in the regions where Mediterranean type of climate prevails.

4. What is an Oasis ?
A. Oasis is a place where the water is available in the desert.

5. Why are the African forests unhealthy ?
A. The African forests are unhealthy because :
1. They are very dense. So, the sunlight does not reach the ground sometimes.
2. They have a hot wet climate which helps in the spread of diseases like Malaria and yellow fever.
3. There is a kind of fly called the “tse – tse” fly which kills the domestic animals.


5. AGRICULTURE

1. What crops of Africa are a) directly used as food and b) used as raw material for industry ?
A. a) The crops of Africa which are directly used as food are Cassava,
Sorghum, Wheat and Jowar.
b) The crops which are used as raw materials for industries are Cocoa, rubber, oil palm, coffee, cotton, tobacco, groundnuts, cloves, sisalhemp etc.

2. Name one nomadic tribe of Africa ?
A. The one nomadic tribe of Africa is Bushmen of Kalahari desert.

3. What is Shifting ‘Cultivation’ ?
A. The type of cultivation practised by the native Africans is known as ‘Shifting cultivation’. It is also known as Jhumming Cultivation.
2. In this type of cultivation the natives clear the land for cultivation by burining the grass and trees in one part of the forest area.
3. After two or three years when the lands loses fertility, the farmers would leave the area and then clear new area of land for cultivation.
4. In this type of cultivation the farmers use only hoes and not plough. They don’t know to use farm machinery and application of manures.

4. Which part of Africa is the most fertile?
A. The most fertile part of Africa is the delta of the river Nile, which flows through Egypt.



6. MINING AND MINERALS

1. Where in Africa do you find –
a) Gold b) Diamonds c) Manganese
d) Cobalt ore e) Coal f) Petroleum
g) Copper ore h) Chromium ore ?
A. Africa has a number of valuable minerals. We find – Malwi
a) Gold :- Johannesburg, Yhana, Kenya, Malwi, Zambia and Zimbabwe.
b) Diamonds :- Kimberley in South Africa Zaire, Angola and Tanzania.
c) Manganese :- South Africa, Angola, West Africa, Tanzania and Maluri.
d) Cobalt ore :- Zaire
e) Coal :- South Africa, Zimbabwe, Maluri and Tanzania.
f) Petroleum :- Angola, Nigeria, Libya and Egypt.
g) Copper ore :- Kantanga area of Zambia, Zaire and Zimbabwe.

2. Which countries of Africa are important producers of minerals ? What minerals are found in them ?
A. The Republic of South Africa is the best – endowed country with a wide variety of mineral deposits. Zambia, Zaire, Zimbabwe and Nigeria are other important mineral producing countries.
1. Zambia :- Gold, copper.
2. Zaire :- Diamonds, cobalt ore, copper ore
3. Zimbabwe :- Gold, coal , copper ore, lead
4. Nigeria :- Petroleum.


8. TRADE AND TRANSPORTATION

1. Why is Africa said to be a backward continent?
A. Africa is said to be a backward continent due to the following reasons :
1. Most parts of Africa were previously colonized by the Europeans, who exploited the natural resources of the continent for their own benefit.
2. The long period of isolation made Africa backward.
3. The major occupations of the people of Africa are agriculture, mining and pastoralism and industries were not well developed.
4. The exports of raw materials from this continent to the European countries proved ruinous to African economy.

2. What kind of industries are found in most parts of Africa?
A. 1. In most parts of Africa we can find the industries based on agricultural products like sugar manufacture, handicrafts and cottage industries.

3. Which part of Africa is the most advanced in industries ? What are the industries found there ?
A. South Africa is the most advanced part of Africa in industries. The
important industries of South Africa are :- Iron and steel industry,
industries producing metallic gold from gold – bearing rock,
refining of copper, lead and zinc, sugar, textiles, cement and various food
processing industries.

4. What are the industries found in a) Nigeria b) Egypt c) Republic of South Africa d) Algeria ?
A. The important industries of :-
a) Nigeria :- Petroleum, cocoa and palm oil industries.
b) Egypt :- Textiles, chemicals, sugar, cement, Cigarettes, food processing, oil refining industries. etc.
c) Republic of South Africa :- Iron and steel industry, industries producing metallic gold from gold – bearing rock, refining of copper, lead and zinc, sugar, textiles, cement and various food processing industries.
d) Algeria :- Oil refining, steel and chemical industries. Canning of fruit and related food industries.

5. Why are railways and roads mainly linked to ports in Africa ?
A. In Africa the railways and roadways are mainly linked with port cities for exports and imports.

9. POPULATION AND IMPORTANT CITIES

1. Which are the parts of Africa having dense population?
A. The parts of Africa which are having dense population are:-
1.The lower Nile valley and delta in Egypt.
1. The area around Johannesburg in South Africa where the gold mines are located.
2. The katanga area in central Africa in both Zaire and Zambia (where copper ores are found).
3. The valley of the Niger river and the coastal areas where petroleum is mined in Nigeria.

2. Why is the lower Nile valley having very dense population ?
A. The lower Nile valley is having very dense population because :-
1. The soil is fertile.
2. Water is available for irrigation and
3. Food crops are grown more.

3. Who are Bedouins ? Where are they found?
A. Bedouins are the nomadic tribes of Africa. They are found in the area of Sahara desert.

4. Who are “Bantus”?
A. Bantus are the Negroes of Central and South Africa

5. Name four major cities of Africa? Where are they?
A. The four major cities of Africa are:-
1. Cairo :- It is the capital of Egypt and is at the head of the Nile delta.
2. Alexandria :- It is at the mouth of the river Nile in Egypt.
3. Johannesburg :- It is in the Republic of South Africa. It is in the middle of the gold mining area of the Witwatersrand.
4. Kinshasa :- It is the capital city of Zaire.


10. SOME IMPORTANT COUNTRIES OF AFRICA

1. Why is Egypt known as “ The Gift of Nile” ?
A. 1. Egypt is situated in a desert region. It is a part of the great Sahara Desert.
2. The river Nile flows through it and makes it very fertile. It provides water for crops.
3. A large dam across the river Nile at Aswan and several other dams at other places provide irrigational facilities through out the year.
4. Without the water of Nile, Egypt would have been entirely a desert.
5. It is also useful for navigation for a few hundred kilometers from its mouth.
6. Moreover, the lower Nile Valley and delta with only 4% of the land supports 90% of the total population.
7. Thus the river Nile brought prosperity to Egypt. So, it is called “The Gift of Nile”.

2. What are the main exports of Egypt?
A. The main item of export of Egypt is fine quality of cotton. It provides 80% of the exports of Egypt. The other exports are petroleum and rock phosphate.

3. Which is the most populated country of Africa? Why?
A. Nigeria is the most populous country of Africa. It is due to the following reasons :-
1. It has good rainfall on the coast where there are thick forests which give valuable trees like mahogany and rubber.
2. The valley and delta of Niger river are suitable for cultivation of crops like rice, sugarcane, bananas, maize, groundnuts and cotton.
3. Northern Nigeria with a higher rainfall has Savannah grasslands where cultivation of Sorghum, cotton and ground nuts is taken up.
4. The road links with Sudan and the presence of road, railway and river transport have helped development of Nigeria.
5. A lot of mining is also undertaken in Nigeria.

4. What are the important ports of Nigeria? What exports go out through them ?
A. 1. The important ports of Nigeria are Lagos and port Harcourt.
2. The important items exported through them are:- agricultural products like palm, palm oil, groundnuts, cocoa and petroleum.

5. Why is Cairo important ? Where is it?
A. 1. Cairo is the largest city in Africa with over 9 million people.
2. It is the capital of Egypt and is at the head of the Nile delta.
3. It was important from early days as a meeting place of many camel caravan routes across Sahara Desert with the cultivators of the Nile.
4. There are many industries, hospitals and educational institutes etc. in the city.
5. Very old monuments like “Pyramids” are found here.
6. It is well connected with other cities of Africa, Asia and Europe by air.

6. Where are the pygmies found? How do they live?
A. 1. Pygmies are found in Zaire, a country in the river basin of Congo.
2. They live in huts which are made up of light wood, bamboo and thatches of palm leaves.
3. They practice shifting cultivation in the forests.
4. They grow cassava, sorghum, bananas, yam , maize and rice.

7. Mention the use and disadvantages of the Congo river as a transport
medium?
A. As a transport medium Congo river is useful for navigation but there are many rapids and waterfalls in the river and hence, navigation is not possible at the edges of the plateau.

8. What are the resources of Zaire ? Where are they found ?
A. 1. The most valuable resources of Zaire are minerals.
2. Gold is found in the northeast near the frontier with Uganda.
3. Copper ore is mined in the Katanga area of the Southeast adjoining Zambia.

9. Where is the “High Veld” ?
A. 1. “Veld means field”. Most of the South Africa is a high plateau which slopes towards the west as it is high in the east it is called as “High Veld”.
2. Maize, Sugarcane, Sorghum, Tobacco and Wheat are grown in the Veld.

10. Name the major exports of South Africa.
A. 1. Gold is the major export of South Africa.
2. Wool is the second important item of export.
3. The other exports are Mohair, Manganese ore, Cotton and Coal.


UNIT – IV EUROPE
1. LOCATION AND EXTENT
2. PHYSICAL FEATURES

1. What are the boundaries of Europe?
A.
1. Europe is bounded by the Arctic Ocean on the North, the Atlantic Ocean on the West, the Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea and Caspian Sea on the South.
2. Ural mountains on the East.

2. Name some of the block mountains of Europe.
A. The Meseta plateau in Spain, the Jura mountains, Central Massif and Vosges mountains in France. The Black forest in Germany and the Ural mountains are some of the block mountains of Europe.

3. Why does Europe have a dense population ?
A. Europe has a dense population because the climate is suitable for living.


3. CLIMATE

4. NATURAL VEGETATION AND ANIMAL LIFE

1. What features affect climate in Europe ?
A. The features which affect the climate of Europe are :-
1. The temperature decreases from South to North as the distance from the equator increases.
2. A warm ocean current, the North Atlantic drift runs along the coast of North Western Europe in winter.

2. Which parts of Europe have rain in summer?
A. The eastern parts of Europe have rain only in summer.

3. What sort of trees are found in the Mediterranean region?
A. 1. In the Mediterranean region the natural vegetation is short trees and bushes with scrubland.
2. The olive tree, the cork oak, and sweet smelling shrubs like lavender grow here.

4. What are “Steppes” ? What use is made of them ?
A. “Steppes” are the temperate grasslands of Europe. They are used for the production of wheat and other crops.

4. AGRICULTURE
1. Name 3 areas in Europe where wheat is cultivated.
A. Wheat is grown in the Paris basin, the plains of East Anglia,
Netherlands, the valley of the Danube river in Austria in Europe.

2. What are Burgundy and Champagne known for?
A. Burgundy and Champagne are known for best quality of wine.

3. What is “Mixed Farming ?
A. Mixed Farming means cultivation of crops along with raising of farm animals like cattle, horses, sheep, pigs and poultry for providing milk, meat and eggs.

4. Where are sheep found in Europe?
A. Sheep are found in the hilly and drier pasture areas of Western and Southern Europe and in the Caucasus mountains area.

6. MINERALS AND MINING
7. INDUSTRIES

1. Why has Europe become the most industrialized continent?
A. 1. Europe is the most industrialized continent.
2. It has all the sources of powers-coal, oil, and hydroelectric power. The
United Kingdom was the first country to experience the industrial
revolution in the 18th century.

2. What kind of industries are found in Europe?
A. There are mainly two kinds of industries in Europe. They are :-
1. Metal processing industries :- Ships, Automobiles, Airplanes, Railway Engine and Wagons, Electrical and Electronic goods etc.
2. Agro based Industries :- 1.Farm products like food and fibre crops, fruits, wool, milk, hides and skins, etc.
3. Forest products like timber, resin, turpentine, herbs, fur etc.
4. Fishery products.

3. Name three areas where iron and steel industries are found.
A. In Europe iron and steel industries are found in :-
1. Rhur valley, coal fields in West Germany.
2. The silesiol coal field in Poland and
3. The Ural coal field in Russia.

4. Name the areas making a) Airplanes b) ships c) Automobiles d)
Cheese and butter, e) wood-pulp and paper.
A. 1. Air planes :- They are made in the United Kingdom, France, West Germany, Ukraine and the Moscow region of U.S.S.R.
2. Ship :- Ship building is found in Edinburgh, Bristol, Hamburg, Helsinki and in Norway.
3. Automobiles :- Automobiles are built at a number of places in the U.K, France, Germany, Sweden, Italy and the Moscow region of U.S.S.R.
4. Cheese and butter :- Denmark and Switzerland.
5. Wood pulp and paper :- Sweden and Finland .

5. What are the industries found in a) Birmingham b) The Rhur valley.
c) Finland d) Switzerland.
A.
1. Birmingham :- Iron and steel industries, motor cars, etc.
2. The Rhur valley :- Iron and steel Industries and chemicals, etc.
3. Finland :- Wood pulp and paper, etc.
4. Switzerland :- Cheese and butter, etc.

4.8.TRANSPORTATION

1. Why do you say that Europe has best transportation?
Ans. Of all the continents Europe has the best facilities for transportation.
1. In Europe, transportation from any part to any part is easy by railway, road, and air and in most cases by inland waterways.
2. Technological advance in Europe has made even high mountain areas accessible. The tunnels made through the Alps carry roads and railways from France and Germany to Italy and other south European countries.
3. North European plain has the best network of railways, roads and inland waterways.
4. A road and railway has been laid in the tunnel which is constructed to connect England and France.
5. The railway network is very dense in Europe. There are fast express trains linking all countries.

2. How do roads and railways cross the mountains?
Ans. Technological advance in Europe has made even high mountain areas
accessible for transport. Tunnels are made through the Alps to carry roads and railways from France and Germany to Italy and other South European countries. So, we can say that roads and railways cross the mountains.

3. Why was Kiel canal constructed? Where is it?
Ans. As the Baltic Sea is frozen and not navigable for 4 or 5 months in
winter, a canal known as the Kiel Canal has been dug across the back of the Jutland Peninsula to connect the Baltic ports of Germany with the North Sea without having to travel all around Denmark.

4. Name any 4 important (a) Seaports and (b) Airports.
Ans. 1. The important Seaports are :- Liverpool, Bristol, London,
Edinburg and Glasgow.
2. The important Airports are :- London, Paris, Amsterdam, Frankfurt, Geneva and Rome.

4.9.TRADE

1. Name the products exported by the European countries?
Ans. The products exported by the European countries are:- Textiles and
yarn, Engineering goods and Machinery, Dairy products, Petroleum products, Wood pulp, Paper and News print, Olive oil, Wine, Watches and Electronic goods.

2. Which countries of Europe export wood pulp and paper?
Ans. Sweden, Finland and Norway export wood pulp, paper and newsprint
in Europe.

3. What are the exports of Switzerland?
Ans. Watches and Electronic goods are the exports of Switzerland.

4. What are the sources from which meat is imported into the European countries?
Ans. Meat is imported into the European countries from U.S.A and
Argentina.

5. Name the countries from which Wool is largely sent to European
countries.
Ans. The countries from which wool is largely sent to European countries
are Australia and South Africa.

6. Why does Europe import food articles?
Ans. In spite of favourable climate and plenty of water, Europe is not able to
produce all the food required for its people. It is because of industrialization of Europe. That is why Europe has to import food products.

4.10. POPULATION AND IMPORTANT COUNTRIES

1. Which part of Europe has the largest number of people?
Ans. 1. In west Europe the highest density is found.
2. A large part of England, the industrial belt along the Rhine from
its delta upto Bassel in Switzerland and another east west belt
from central Germany through Czechoslovakia and Poland into
Ukraine along the coal field belt,
3. The Lombardy plain in North Italy is the only large area in
Southern Europe with high density.
4. Dense population is also found around large cities like London,
Paris, Rome, Geneva, Lisbon, Vienna, Belgrade.

2. Why do we say that Europe is a highly urbanized continent?
Ans. Europe is highly urbanized continent because:-
Over ¾ of the population live in towns and even rural areas have urban facilities like transport, telephone, electricity and other services.

3. Name any 5 cities of Europe which have over 2 million people
and the countries where they are found?
Ans. The 5 cities in Europe which have over 2 million are:-
1. London in United kingdom.
2. Paris in France.
3. Madrid in Spain.
4. Berlin in Germany.
5. Rome in Italy.

4. Why are most of the large cities found in western and central Europe?
Ans. Due to favourable climatic conditions, adequate water supply, easy movement of people and location of industries, most of the cities are found in western and central Europe.

* * *

VI CLASS (NON IAS) - ECONOMICS

Class : VI Sub : Economics (Non IAS)

UNIT – I
1. WHAT IS ECONOMICS?
IMPORTANCE AND NEED

I. Question and Answers:-

1. Point out a few of the economic problems faced by mankind.
A. Man has faced many economic problems since olden days. Some of the economic problems are :-
1. Poor people are faced with problems of food, clothing and shelter.
2. Shortage of essential commodities is a common feature.
3. Business man wants profits.
4. Government wants revenue.
5. Households are in debt because income is insufficient to meet their expenditure.
6. Governments are also faced with the same situation.

2. Explain the scope of economics.
A.
1. Economics is basically a science of wealth. It deals with how wealth is legally acquired and used productively for promoting human welfare.
2. It deals with production, consumption, distribution and exchange.
1. Production :- Producing goods is called production.
2. Consumption :- Satisfying the wants by using goods and services.
3. Exchange :- The goods and services are exchanged between the producers and consumers through money.

3. Describe the characteristics of human wants?
A. The characteristics of human wants are :-
1. Human wants are many.
2. Sky is the limit for them.
3. The satisfaction of one want leads to the birth of another.
4. Some wants are to be necessarily fulfilled i.e. food, shelter and clothing. Such wants are recurring.
5. There are alternative ways of wants satisfaction.
6. Wants compete with each other due to limited resources.

4. Differentiate between macro and micro economics ?
A. Differences between micro and macro economics are :-
MICROECONOMICS
1. It is concerned with resource allocation. It studies the behaviour of consumers and producers. It analysis the relative prices of goods and services.
2. The incomes and expenditures of households and business organisations are not always equal. Surpluses / deficits are generally found.
3. In any single business organisation if there is a wage cut, expenditure gets reduced, profit rises and employment increases.
4. Savings is always good for household (students also) and business organisation.
MACROECONOMICS

1. It deals with economic aggregates and averages. It studies national income and
per capita income and their trends.
2. World’s income and expenditure and world’s exports and imports are always equal. There cannot be any difference between them.
3. If wage cut is extended to a economy as a whole, aggregate demand falls, depression may emerge and unemployment tends to rise.
4. But it is not always applicable to the economy as a whole. During times of depression if there is an increase in saving, several harmful results occur.

II. Fill in the blanks :-
1. It is more than 200 years since the origin of economics took place.
2. Production, consumption, exchange and distribution are the main themes of micro economics.
3. According to macro economics savings leads to harmful results during the times of depression.
4. Macro economics was introduced in 1936 by the economist named J.M. Keynes.
5. Scarcity of resources leads to the problem of shortage of food.
6. Resources have alternative uses.

III. Choose the correct answer :-
1. Human wants are ( 2 )
1) Limited 2) Many 3) Easily fulfilled 4) Absent
2. Exchange is concerned with ( 4 )
1) Production 2) Market 3) Consumption 4) Distribution
3. Macroeconomics gives importance to ( 1 )
1) National income 2) Price theory
3) Profits and losses 4) Consumer satisfaction.

IV. Match the following :-
A.
1. Handloom good ( c ) a. Offices
2. Agricultural commodity ( b ) b. Cotton
3. Industrial product ( d ) c. Cloth
4. Government services ( a ) d. Sugar

B.
1. Land ( c ) a. Profit
2. Labour ( d ) b. Interest
3. Capital ( b ) c. Rent
4. Organisation ( a ) d. Wage


UNIT – II
THE STUDY OF ECONOMICS
IMPORTANCE & NEED

1. Point out the importance of economics.
A.
1. Economics is a social and human science.
2. It has a prominent place among the social sciences like politics, ethics, civics. sociology etc.
3. It is treated as the queen of Social Sciences.
4. Nobel prize has been instituted for economics since 1969.

2. Where is the need for the study of economics?
A. The study of economics is necessary in performing the duties of citizens, formulating plans, taking decisions on issues concerning production, maximising profits and consumer satisfaction and removal of poverty.

3. What sort of issues can be resolved by the study of micro economics?
A. The study of micro economics help us in resolving issues like the problems of consumer regarding the purchase of goods, the quality of goods to be purchased, when and where to purchase.

4. Economics is both light bearing and fruit bearing. Explain.
A.
1. The study of economics is light bearing and fruit bearing.
2. It is illuminating.
3. It helps to understand the economic issues, international event and development of country.
4. It indicates scientific out look and promotes individual, social and national development.
5. Its study promotes the knowledge of science and technology.

II. Fill in the blanks:-
1. Economics is one of the important social sciences.
2. Nobel prize is instituted for economic science since 1969.
3. Of the 600 crores of population 100 crores of the people are in poverty.
4. 5 years plans are being implemented since 1951 in India.
5. If priority is given to consumer goods in production the economic growth of the country will be increased.


UNIT – III
WHAT DO YOU STUDY IN ECONOMICS?
CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION OF GOODS AND SERVICES

1. What is meant by consumption?
A. Consumption means deriving satisfaction by the use of goods and services.

2. What are the characteristics of social goods?
A.
1. Some goods and services are called social goods.
2. Roads, bridges, parks and defence are the examples of social goods.
3. They are produced by government only.
4. They are consumed by all. But no one comes forward for their production.
5. If any person produces them, all are ready to consume.
6. None can prevent them.

3. Explain the law of Diminishing Marginal Utility ?
A. Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility :- Utility derived by human beings by the use of goods and services is not constant. If a consumer uses a commodity continuously its marginal utility decreases. Marginal utility is the additional satisfaction derived by the use of an extra unit of a commodity or a service. It is illustrated by the following example.

No. Total Utility (in units) Marginal Utility (in units)
1 15 15
2 25 10 (25-15)
3 32 7 (32-25]
4 36 4 (36-32)
5 38 2 (38-36)
6 39 1 (39-38]
7 39 0 (39-39)

By this table we can understand that the first banana gives us the great satisfaction. The second banana also gives us the satisfaction but it is less than the first one. The third one gives us still less satisfaction and so on. Fall in Marginal Utility due to continuous consumption of a commodity is known as the law of Diminishing Marginal Utility.
Diminishing Marginal Utility Curve :

Fig (Graph):

In this figure bananas are shown on the ‘X’ axis and marginal utility on the ‘Y’ axis. It tells us that the consumption of bananas more and more decreases the marginal utility.

4. What are the factors on which labour supply depends?
A. Supply of labour :- Service rendered by workers is called labour. In any country labour supply depends upon the following three aspects :-
1. Total population in the country
2. The proportion of the population willing to join the workforce.
3. Number of hours worked in an year.

5. What are the influences that effect labour efficiency ?
A. Labour efficiency depends upon the following factors :-
1. Climate :- More work is turned out during winter than in summer.
2. Health :- If the management provides good medical and health facilities, labour efficiency will be increased.
3. Peace of mind :- Peace of mind is necessary to the workers. If the management or government provides them the social security regarding the workers worries and uncertainties of their future, workers are more efficient in their work.
4. Surroundings :- Labour efficiency increases if the surroundings of their work and living are clean, healthy, peaceful, delightful and accident free (safe).
5. Education and training :- If workers are trained and skilled, their efficiency will be increased.
6. Division of labour :- If work is under taken according to the principle of division of labour based on one’s own skills and abilities, efficiency goes up.

II. Fill in the blanks:-
1. One of the factors of production is organisation, land, labour, capital.
2. The service rendered by workers is called labour.
3. Creation of utilities is production
4. Additional utility derived in consumption is called law of diminishing marginal utility.


STANDARD OF LIVING

1. What are the factors on which a community's standard of living
depends?
A. Factors affecting the standard of living are:
a. If there is no food, clothing and shelter then standard of living will
be low.
b. In order to raise the standard of living, goods and services that
provide comforts and luxuries should be made available in plenty.
Hence standard of living depends upon several factors that operate
in the economic system.

2. What is called the standard of living?
A. Individuals, households and the entire community satisfying their
wants by utilizing the goods and services is called the standard of
living .It is also called the level of living.

3. What is meant by per capita income?
A. Like an individual having income, a nation also has income. This is
called the National Income. If the National Income is divided by the
total population, per capita income is obtained.

4. How do population growth and inflation act on level of living?
A. (1) Population growth : If there is growth in population, the
mouths to be fed will increase. The National Income is to be distributed among more number of people. The per capita income comes down and the standard of living also decreases.
(2) Inflation : Continuous rise in prices is inflation. It leads to the decrease in real wages. People have to pay more for few commodities. The income of an individual may not be sufficient to meet his needs. Some of his wants may be necessary things and the others may be comforts.

5. "Poverty is vicious circle". Explain.
A. In a developing country like India many people are under poverty line. Poverty is a curse. It is a vicious circle.
1. Poverty leads to the decline in the standard of living.
2. It gives rise to social unrest.
3. It brings down the efficiency in work. We cannot expect more
work from a hungry belly.
4. If poverty increases, the problem of the government mounts up.
5. There will be no scope for savings when more people are below
poverty line. If there are no savings, there will neither be
investments nor development.
6. Poverty increases the foreign debt.
7. Poor people cannot get credit.
8. Poverty is the root cause of the class conflict , illiteracy , unemployment and crimes
9. The Five Year Plans have reduced the poverty line from 52% in
1972 to 30% in 1987-1988.

UNIT - III
WHAT DO YOU STUDY IN ECONOMICS
V. NATIONAL INCOME AND ITS DISTRIBUTION

1. State how national income is calculated?
A. National income is the total or the aggregate amount of the final
goods and services produced in an economy during a period of one
year. The value of all the goods is obtained by multiplying the
quantity of goods with their prices. The value of the services may be
computed in terms of money. By adding both the values, the value
of the national income is obtained.

2. What is national income?
A. National Income: Economists have defined national income in
different ways.
1. Some defined it as the aggregate income of all the house holds in
the country during a particular period of time.
2. Some defined it as the aggregate of the final goods and services
produced in an economy during a period of one year.

3. What are the factors that affect the rate of rent ?
A. Rent is the amount paid mostly in cash to the landlord for the use
of his land by the tenant. Some times it is also paid in kind by the
tenants. The factors that affect the rate of rent are:
1. Rent is paid to the agricultural land.
2. This agricultural rent depends on the location and fertility of land
and the crops raised on it.
3. If the prices of agricultural products go up, rents also increase.
4. Rent is also paid to urban land and buildings.
5. This depends upon their location and surroundings.
6. Growth of population affects rate of rent and it increases with its
rise.

4. Trace the influences operating on the rate of Interest .
A. 1. Interest is the amount paid by the persons who take money from
money lenders.
2. Rate of interest is influenced by place, time, use, confidence and
capacity to repay the loan.
3. Rate of interest is related to general price level.
4. If the price level goes up the rate of interest also increases
5. If there is a fall in general price level, interest rate decreases.
6. Quantity of money influences thus.
7. If the quantity of money increases, interest rate falls.
8. If it decreases interest rate goes up.

5. Why do the differences in wages arise?
A. 1. Wages are earned incomes for the supply of labour.
2. The demand of labour determines the level of salary/wage in any
industry.
3. The differences in wages are more evident in agriculture.
4. Women are paid less than men workers.
5. In some types of work such as stone breaking, very low wages
are paid.
6. Wages also rise due to rise in the spread of education and
technical knowledge among the workers.

6. How do profits emerge?
A. Profit is said to be the residual after payment of rent, wages and interest. This is obtained by the organisers if they run the organisation efficiently.
1. The amount of payment depends on the efficiency of the
organisers.
2. Some organisers receive excessive profits by indulging in unlawful activities, such as stock, piling of essential goods and selling them in black market. Such a method causes harm to the progress of the society.
3. Excessive profits can be obtained if wages are unduly reduced. Due to this, inequalities increase causing damage to social welfare.
4. Inflation causes harm to workers and rewards entrepreneurs
with profit.

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